There has always been a close relationship between RLS and psychiatric disorders. As early as the 19th century, Wittmaack observed the co-occurrence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) with depression and anxiety, which he termed “anxietus tibiarum,”and believed it to be a form of hysteria.1 More re…
INTRODUCTION
Methylxanthine (MTX) consumption is one of the most common customs in the world, occurring in most every society and culture (James, 1991; Barone and Roberts, 1996). Methylxanthines, which include caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, can be found in a variety of different…
The most important clinical use for psychostimulants is in the treatment of a developmental disorder known as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Children with ADHD exhibit extreme degrees of inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperkinesis (excessive motor activity).They have a very…
Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing behavioral disorder
Before proceeding further, try writing down your definition of drug addiction in one or two sentences. Were you easily able to come up with a satisfactory definition? If not, don’t be concerned, because addiction is not a simple concept. …
Basics
Description
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is defined as a symptom complex of physical and emotional symptoms severe enough to interfere with everyday life and occurring cyclically during the luteal phase of menses.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of PMS…
Basics
Description
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder defined as a reaction that can occur after exposure to an extreme traumatic event involving death, threat of death, serious physical injury, or a threat to physical integrity.
This reaction has three cardinal…
Basics
Description
A persistent, excessive, and unreasonable fear of an object, activity, place, or situation. Stimulus is actively avoided or endured with extreme anxiety and dread. Adolescents and adults are usually aware that their reaction is abnormal.
To qualify as a true disorder,…
Basics
Description
Personality disorders (PDs) are a group of conditions, with onset at or before adolescence, characterized by enduring patterns of maladaptive and dysfunctional behavior that deviates markedly from one’s culture and social environment, leading to functional impairment and…
Basics
Description
Paranoid personality disorder is a maladaptive persistent pattern of behavior characterized by suspiciousness, inappropriate mistrust of people, and hostility toward others who are often perceived as malicious. Consequently, patients avoid intimate relationships, bear…
INTRODUCTION
The treatment of mood and anxiety disorders with botanical medicine goes back to antiquity, with various cultures applying energetic models such as humoral medicine or traditional Chinese medicine models to prescribe a range of plant-based medicines. Until recently, understanding …
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